Events and Trends
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire.

Invention of the telephone (1876) and phonograph (1877). See also the History of Science and Technology.

Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism.

World Leaders
Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
Emperor Wilhelm I (Germany)
Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (Germany)
King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
King Umberto I (Italy)
Emperor Meiji (Japan)
Pope Pius IX
Pope Leo XIII
Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)

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